Nomenclature and etymology of cat

Nomenclature and etymology



The word cat derives from Old English catt, which belongs to a group of related words in European languages, including Welsh cath, Spanish gato, Basque katu, Byzantine Greek kátia, Old Irish cat, Frisian and Dutch kat, German Katze, and Old Church Slavonic kotka. The ultimate source of all these terms is Late Latin catus, cattus, catta "domestic cat", as opposed to feles "European wildcat". It is unclear whether the Greek or the Latin came first, but they were undoubtedly borrowed from an Afro-Asiatic language akin to Nubian kadís and Berber kaddîska, both meaning "wildcat".[11] This term was either cognate with or borrowed from Late Egyptian čaus "jungle cat, African wildcat" (later giving Coptic šau "tomcat"),[12] itself from earlier Egyptian tešau "female cat"[13] (vs. miew "tomcat").[14] The term puss (as in pussycat) may come from Dutch poes or from Low German Puuskatte, dialectal Swedish kattepus, or Norwegian pus, pusekatt, all of which primarily denote a woman and, by extension, a female cat.[15]

A group of cats is referred to as a "clowder", a male cat is called a "tom" (or a "gib", if neutered), and a female is called a "molly" or "queen". The male progenitor of a cat, especially a pedigreed cat, is its "sire", and its female progenitor is its "dam". An immature cat is called a "kitten" (which is also an alternative name for young rats, rabbits, hedgehogs, beavers, squirrels and skunks). In medieval Britain, the word kitten was interchangeable with the word catling. A cat whose ancestry is formally registered is called a pedigreed cat, purebred cat, or a show cat. In strict terms, a purebred cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. A pedigreed cat is one whose ancestry is recorded, but may have ancestors of different breeds. Cats of unrecorded mixed ancestry are referred to as domestic longhairs and domestic shorthairs or commonly as random-bred, moggies, mongrels, or mutt-cats.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CAT

The cat (Felis silvestris catus), also known as the domestic cat or housecat[5] to distinguish it from other felines and felids, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and household pests. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years,[6] and are currently the most popular pet in the world.[7] Due to their close association with humans, cats are now found almost everywhere on Earth. This extreme adaptability and their worrying impacts on native animals has led to them being classed as an invasive species. Most of these problems are caused by the large number of feral cats worldwide, with a population of up to 60 million of these animals in the United States alone.



Cats are similar in size and anatomy to the other Felids, with light, flexible bodies and teeth adapted to killing small prey. A skilled predator, the cat hunts over 1,000 species for food, using its excellent eyesight and hearing. Unusually, cats have lost the ability to taste sugar and in some breeds show hereditary deafness. Despite being solitary hunters, cats are a social species and use a variety of vocalizations, pheromones and types of body language for communication. These include meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, squeaking, chirping, clicking, and grunting.[8] They are also bred and shown as registered pedigree pets. This hobby is known as cat fancy.

Until recently the cat was commonly believed to have been domesticated in ancient Egypt, where it was a cult animal.[9] A study in 2007 found that the lines of descent of all house cats probably run through as few as five self-domesticating African Wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) circa 8000 BC, in the Near East.[4] The earliest direct evidence of cat domestication is a kitten that was buried with its owner 9,500 years ago in Cyprus.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kong Catnip Cat Toy, Squirrel

History of Catnip,Nepeta (
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

Nepeta is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. The members of this group are known as catnip or catmint because of their effect on cats—nepeta pleasantly stimulates cats' pheromonic receptors, typically resulting in temporary euphoria. Some followers of herbal medicine claim that catnip tends to have a sedative effect on humans.[1] There is, however, no scientific evidence to validate this claim.

The genus is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is now also common in North America.[2] Most of the species are herbaceous perennial plants, but some are annuals. They have sturdy stems with opposite heart-shaped, green to grayish-green leaves. The flowers are white, blue, pink or lilac and occur in several clusters toward the tip of the stems. The flowers are tubular and spotted with tiny purple dots.
Description

Nepeta species can be subshrubs, herbaceous perennials or annual herbs. They are usually aromatic. The flowers are located in verticillasters grouped on spikes; or the verticillasters are arranged in opposite cymes, or racemes, or panicles. The calyx is tubular or campanulate, they are slightly curved or straight, and the limbs are often 2-lipped with five teeth. The lower lip is larger, with 3-lobes, and the middle lobe is the largest. The flowers have 4 hairless stamens that are nearly parallel, and they ascend under the upper lip of the corolla. Two stamen are longer and stamens of pistillate flowers are rudimentary. The style protrudes outside of the mouth of the flowers. The fruits are nutlets, which are oblong-ovoid, ellipsoid, ovoid, or obovoid in shape. The surfaces of the nutlets can be slightly ribbed, smooth or warty.
Uses

Oil isolated from catnip by steam distillation is a repellent against insects, in particular mosquitoes, cockroaches and termites.[4][5] Research suggests that in a test tube, distilled nepetalactone, the active ingredient in catnip, repels mosquitoes ten times more effectively than DEET, the active ingredient in most insect repellents,[6][7] but that it is not as effective a repellent when used on the skin.[8] Additionally, catnip and catnip-laced products designed for use with domesticated cats are available to consumers.
Effects on cats

Catnip and catmints are mainly known for the behavioral effects they have on cats, particularly domestics.[9] When cats sense the bruised leaves or stems of catnip, they may roll over it, paw at it, chew it, lick it, leap about and purr, or heavily salivate. Some will growl, meow, scratch, or bite the hand holding it. Some cats will eat dried catnip. Often, eating too much can cause cats to be overtly aggressive, typically making them hiss.

About two thirds of cats are susceptible to catnip.[10] The phenomenon is hereditary; for example, most Australian cats do not react to it.[11] There is some disagreement about the susceptibility of lions and tigers to catnip.[11]

Catnip has nepetalactone, a terpene. Nepetalactone can be extracted from catnip by steam distillation.[12] Cats detect it through their olfactory epithelium, not through their vomeronasal organ.[13] At the olfactory epithelium, the nepetalactone binds to one or more olfactory receptors where it probably mimics a cat pheromone, such as the hypothetical feline facial pheromone or the cat urine odorant MMB.[citation needed]
Other plants that also have this effect on cats include valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and plants that contain actinidine or dihydroactinidiolide (Smith, 2005).

Species

* Nepeta cataria (Catnip, True Catnip, Catmint or Field Balm) is a 50–100 cm tall perennial herb resembling mint in appearance, with greyish-green leaves; the flowers are white, finely spotted with purple. It has been introduced to many countries, including the United States. A lemon-scented cultivar, N. cataria 'Citriodora', looks exactly like true catnip but has the scent of lemons and can be used like Lemon balm.

* Nepeta grandiflora (Giant Catmint or Caucasus Catmint) is lusher than true catnip and has dark green leaves and dark blue, almost purple flowers.

* Nepeta × faassenii (N. racemosa × N. nepetella; Faassen's Nepeta or Faassen's Catnip) is mostly grown as an ornamental plant. This hybrid is far smaller than either of above and is almost a ground cover. It has greyish-green leaves and light purple flowers.

* Some Dracocephalum, Glechoma and Calamintha species were formerly classified in Nepeta.

* Nepeta species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Coleophora albitarsella.

Selected species

* Nepeta agrestis
* Nepeta annua
* Nepeta apuleii
* Nepeta beltranii
* Nepeta camphorata
* Nepeta cataria
* Nepeta ciliaris
* Nepeta coerulescens
* Nepeta curviflora
* Nepeta densiflora
* Nepeta dentata
* Nepeta dirphya
* Nepeta discolor
* Nepeta elliptica
* Nepeta everardi
* Nepeta floccosa
* Nepeta foliosa
* Nepeta fordii
* Nepeta glutinosa
* Nepeta govaniana
* Nepeta granatensis
* Nepeta grandiflora
* Nepeta heldreichii
* Nepeta hemsleyana
* Nepeta hindost
* Nepeta hispanica



* Nepeta italica
* Nepeta jomdaensis
* Nepeta kokamirica
* Nepeta kokanica
* Nepeta laevigata
* Nepeta lamiopsis
* Nepeta latifolia
* Nepeta leucolaena
* Nepeta leucophylla
* Nepeta longibracteata
* Nepeta manchuriensis
* Nepeta melissifolia
* Nepeta membranifolia
* Nepeta micrantha
* Nepeta multibracteata
* Nepeta multifida
* Nepeta mussinii
* Nepeta nepalensis
* Nepeta nepetella
* Nepeta nervosa
* Nepeta nuda
* Nepeta parnassica
* Nepeta parviflora
* Nepeta phyllochlamys
* Nepeta prattii
* Nepeta pungens



* Nepeta racemosa
* Nepeta raphanorhiza
* Nepeta scordotis
* Nepeta sessilis
* Nepeta sibirica
* Nepeta sibthorpii
* Nepeta souliei
* Nepeta spruneri
* Nepeta staintonii
* Nepeta stewartiana
* Nepeta sungpanensis
* Nepeta supina
* Nepeta taxkorganica
* Nepeta tenuiflora
* Nepeta tenuifolia
* Nepeta tuberosa
* Nepeta ucranica
* Nepeta veitchii
* Nepeta virgata
* Nepeta wilsonii
* Nepeta yanthina
* Nepeta zandaensis

Natural hybrids

* Nepeta × faassenii


References

1. ^ "All About Catnip". Cat-World. http://www.cat-world.com.au/Catnip.htm. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
2. ^ Leon L. Bram, editorial director, Robert S. Phillips, editor-in-chief, Norma H. Dickey, special projects editor-in-chief. (1983). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 0-8343-0051-6.
3. ^ "Nepeta". Flora of China 17: 107. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122138.
4. ^ Schultz, Gretchen; Peterson, Chris; Coats, Joel (May 25, 2006). "Natural Insect Repellents: Activity against Mosquitoes and Cockroaches". in Rimando, Agnes M.; Duke, Stephen O.. Natural Products for Pest Management. ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_schultz001.pdf.
5. ^ "Termites Repelled by Catnip Oil". Southern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Forest Service. March 26, 2003. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/news/110.
6. ^ Dennis Loney (2001-08-28). "Mosquito Repellents". American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060426234808/http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_ent.html?id=4acf6768ce1b11d5f2944fd8fe800100. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
7. ^ Kingsley, Danny (September 3, 2001). "Catnip sends mozzies flying". ABC Science Online. http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/health/HealthRepublish_355524.htm. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
8. ^ Chauhan, K.R.; Klun, Jerome A.; Debboun, Mustapha; Kramer, Matthew (2005). "Feeding Deterrent Effects of Catnip Oil Components Compared with Two Synthetic Amides Against Aedes aegypti". Journal of Medical Entomology 42 (4): 643–646. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0643:FDEOCO]2.0.CO;2.
9. ^ Grognet J (June 1990). "Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present". Can. Vet. J. 31 (6): 455–456. PMID 17423611. PMC 1480656. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1480656&blobtype=pdf.
10. ^ Turner, Ramona (May 29, 2007). "How does catnip work its magic on cats?". Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
11. ^ a b Durand, Marcella (March 4, 2003). "Heavenly Catnip". CatsPlay.com. http://www.catsplay.com/thedailycat/2003-04-14/mind_happycat/heavenly_catnip/heavenly_catnip.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
12. ^ "DIY Kitty Crack: ultra-potent catnip extract". Instructables. June 3, 2007. http://www.instructables.com/id/EMDCESQF2DSDRAG/. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
13. ^ Hart, Benjamin L.; Leedy, Mitzi G. (July 1985). "Analysis of the catnip reaction: mediation by olfactory system, not vomeronasal organ". Behavioral and neural biology 44 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1016/S0163-1047(85)91151-3. PMID 3834921.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepeta